Batteries

Batteries¶

• Has an Anode (-) and Cathode (+) with a separation between the two.

Alkaline manganese dioxide¶

• Simple batteries for common batteries like AA, AAA, C
• non rechargeable
• Uses Potassium Hydroxcide as the electrolyte
• Uses Manganese Dioxide as the positive pole
• Uses Zinc Dioxide as the negative pole

Lithium Manganese dioxide¶

• Coin cell batteries
• non rechargeable
• Still usable if a very high discharge rate is needed
• Uses Manganese Dioxide as the positive pole

Lead Acid¶

• Cheap
• Old Tech
• 10Wh
• Uses Lead and Lead Dioxide plates in Sulfuric Acid
  • Lead attracts the negativity charged compounds
  • LeadOxcide attracts the positively charged compounds

Lithium Ion¶

• Uses Cobalt and Lithium
• Lightweight and High Energy (250-260 Wh/Kg)
• Why not use Silicon?
  • When Charging from empty to full increases in volume by 400%

Lithium Sulfur¶

• 443 Wh/kg
• 4000 cycles
• Full charge time of 0.5C (about 2 hr)
• Full discharge time of 0.5C (about 2 hr)
• Sulfur and Lithium turn into a liquid when recharging.
• Short lifetime

Lithium Oxide¶

• Lithium Oxide is corrosive

Just Lithium¶

• While its possible Lithium is costly and there is not an abundance of lithium available

Lithium Ion NMC (Nickle Magnesium Cobalt)¶

• 150-250 Wh/Kg
• 1000-2000 Cycles
• Charge Rate of 0.7-1C (about 1-1.5 hr)
• Discharge Rate of 1-2C (about 0.5-1 hr)

Solid State¶

• Nickle Cobalt Manganese
• 250-300 Wh/Kg
• 5000 Cycles
• Full charge time of 1-4C (about 0.25-1 hr)
• Full discharge time of 1-4C (about 0.25-1 hr)

Other Anodes¶

• Silicon and Phosphorus is possible but is larger and heaver

LiFePO4¶

• Work better at cold and hot Temperatures
• Has more recharge cycles

LiYPO4¶

• Works at Temperature range from -45°C up to 85°C
• Safer than LiPo but heavier

Niobium¶

• 140 Wh/kg
• 3000 cycles
• Full charge time of 6C (about ⅙ hr)
• Full discharge time of 6C (about ⅙ hr)

Aluminum Ion¶

• 160-320 Wh/Kg
• 6000 Cycles
• Full charge time of 6C (about ⅙ hr)
• Full discharge time of 6C (about ⅙ hr)

Sodium Ion¶

• Heaver than Lithium but since most of the weight comes from Cobalt its not a huge step in weight
• No Research on it
• Current energy per weight (70-160 Wh/Kg)
• Lots of sodium
• 2000 Cycles
• Full charge time of 1-3C (about 0.33-1 hr)
• Full discharge time of 1-3C (about 0.33-1 hr)

Nickel Cadmium¶

Cadmium Side of the Battery:

Nickel Side of the Battery:

Nickel Iron¶

• Low Capacity 10-25 kWh
• Low efficiency 66%
• More expensive then Nickel Cadmium

Iron Side of the Battery:

Nickel Side of the Battery:

Nickel Hydrogen¶

• 140 Wh/kg
• No Metal in the Anode
• High Self discharge
• Used in space
• Is pressurized
  • Hard to make a container that doesn't leak

Nickel-Metal-Hydride¶

• Similar to Nickel Hydrogen but without the pressure
• Better for the environment than Nickel Cadmium

Sodium Sulfur¶

• High temperature battery
• Similar Capacity to Lithium Ion
• But Sodium is liquid and highly reactive with other elements like air and water

Pumped storage¶

• 70-85% Efficiency
• Does not store alot of energy

Compressed Air storage¶

• 45-70% Efficiency
• Loses energy through heat when compressed

Thermal Storage¶

• 30-45% Efficiency
• Heat volcanic stones
• Must be huge for good Efficiency
  • Need a good surface area to volume ratio. This decreases the heat that leaves.
• Cheap
• 30-60 Wh/kg

Hydrogen (Theoretical)¶

• 83% Efficiency at room temperature
• Split water into H and O_2
• 30-60 kWh/kg

Practice¶

• 60% Efficiency for Electrolysis
• 50% Efficiency for Fuel Cells

Flow battery¶

• 60% Efficiency
• Refillable

Liquid Air¶

• Convert Air in to liquid Nitrogen
  https://www.bhge.com/industrial/energy-storage/liquid-air-energy-storage

CO2 Electrolyzer¶

Convert 3(CO_2) + 4(H_2O) -> 1(C_3H_8) + 5(O_2)

Source

Dual carbon battery¶

• Using Graphite layers as both an anode an cathode
  • Made by heating Carbon to 3000C
• Lightweight and High Energy
• 5-10x more energy density of Lithium Ion

Nuclear Battery¶

• Used in Space Missions
• Capture heat from Nuclear Radiation
  • Use a Thermocouple to capture heat and convert into energy
    • Electrons move from the hot side to cold side
• Very low Wattage in the µWs but can operate for 12 years
• PJP Eye LTD.

Alpha\Beta\Gama Voltaics¶

• Basically a solar panel but instead of capturing the energy from light we use another part of the EM spectrum to capture the energy from Alpha/Beta/Gamma Decay.
• Cant be made of Silicon Semiconductor since Radiation breaks-down the Semiconductor.
  • Instead use Diamond(Carbon) as the semiconductor.